Here’s what Ray J had to say

Soil copper concentrations at ancient metal working sites are rarely measured. Abstract Copper Cu at ancient metallurgy sites represents the earliest instance of anthropogenically generated metal pollution. Such sites are spread across a wide range of environments from Eurasia to South America, and provide a unique opportunity to investigate the past and present extent and impact of metalworking contamination. Establishing the concentration and extent of soil Cu at archaeometallurgy sites can enhance archaeological interpretations of site use but can also, more fundamentally, provide an initial indication of contamination risk from such sites.

Systematic evaluations of total soil Cu concentrations at ancient metalworking sites have not been conducted, due in part to the limitations of conventional laboratory-based protocols.

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Etymology The term ray is somewhat of a misnomer due to a historical accident, as cosmic rays were at first, and wrongly, thought to be mostly electromagnetic radiation. In common scientific usage, high-energy particles with intrinsic mass are known as “cosmic” rays, while photons , which are quanta of electromagnetic radiation and so have no intrinsic mass are known by their common names, such as gamma rays or X-rays , depending on their photon energy.

Massive cosmic rays compared to photons In current usage, the term cosmic ray almost exclusively refers to massive particles , as opposed to photons. Massive particles — those that have rest mass — gain additional, kinetic , mass-energy when they are moving, due to relativistic effects. Through this process, some particles acquire tremendously high mass-energies. These are significantly higher than the photon energy of even the highest-energy photons detected to date.

The energy of the massless photon depends solely on frequency , not speed, as photons always travel at the same speed. At the higher end of the energy spectrum, relativistic kinetic energy is the main source of the mass-energy of cosmic rays. The precise nature of this remaining fraction is an area of active research.

An active search from Earth orbit for anti-alpha particles has failed to detect them. As a result of these discoveries, there has been interest in investigating cosmic rays of even greater energies. However, his paper published in Physikalische Zeitschrift was not widely accepted. In , Domenico Pacini observed simultaneous variations of the rate of ionization over a lake, over the sea, and at a depth of 3 meters from the surface.